Eigendecomposition: What It Buys You
For , iterating t steps costs one exponentiation of a diagonal matrix instead of t matmuls.
Why it matters: Spectral radius ρ(A) = max|λᵢ| governs stability. |λ| < 1 contracts, |λ| > 1 explodes. This is why RNN gradients vanish or explode — it’s the same theorem.